73 BEST Tips What To Do In An Avalanche (Easy But Critical)

What To Do In An Avalanche

Avalanches can be extremely dangerous and life-threatening events, especially for those who are unprepared.

Knowing what to do in an avalanche can make all the difference between survival and tragedy.

In this comprehensive guide, we'll explore various aspects of dealing with avalanches, including recognizing the signs, understanding the different types of avalanches, and implementing effective safety measures.

Recognizing the Signs of an Avalanche

Visual Cues

• Cracks or shooting cracks forming in the snow.

• Snow collapsing or settling beneath your feet.

• Recent avalanche activity or debris from previous avalanches.

• Unstable snowpack, including hollow or "whoomphing" sounds.

Weather Conditions

• Heavy snowfall or rapid accumulation of snow.

• High winds causing snow drifts or cornice formations.

• Rapid changes in temperature, leading to snow instability.

Terrain Factors

• Steep slopes with an angle greater than 30 degrees.

• Convex slopes or gullies that can trap snow.

• Overhanging cornices or cliffs that can release snow.

Understanding Different Types of Avalanches

Avalanches can be categorized into several types based on their characteristics and causes.

Understanding these types can help you assess the situation and respond accordingly.

Loose Snow Avalanches

• Also known as sluffs or point releases.

• Occur when a small amount of loose snow detaches and slides downhill.

• Generally, less dangerous but can still pose risks, especially if they entrain more snow.

Slab Avalanches

• The most common and dangerous type of avalanche.

• Occur when a cohesive slab of snow breaks loose and slides downhill as a unit.

• Can be triggered by a person, a snowmobile, or the weight of a new snowfall.

Wet Avalanches

• Occur when the snowpack becomes saturated with water, typically due to warm temperatures or rain.

• More common in springtime or during periods of thawing.

• Tend to be slower but can still be dangerous due to their high water content.

Glide Avalanches

• Unique type of avalanche that occurs when a large slab of snow slowly glides downhill.

• Often preceded by visible cracks on the surface.

• Difficult to predict and can release without warning.

Taking Precautions Before Heading into Avalanche Terrain

Educate Yourself

• Attend avalanche safety courses offered by reputable organizations.

• Read books and articles on avalanche safety and awareness.

• Stay up-to-date with current snowpack conditions and avalanche forecasts.

Carry Essential Safety Equipment

• Always carry an avalanche transceiver, probe, and shovel.

• Ensure your equipment is in good working condition and practice using it regularly.

• Consider carrying additional safety gear, such as an airbag backpack or avalanche rescue sled.

Travel in Groups

• Never venture into avalanche terrain alone.

• Travel with experienced companions who are knowledgeable about avalanche safety.

• Have a plan in place for communication and emergency response.

Actions to Take During an Avalanche

React Immediately

• If caught in an avalanche, try to move to the side to avoid being engulfed.

• Discard any heavy objects that may weigh you down.

• Use swimming motions to try and stay near the surface of the moving snow.

Create an Air Pocket

• Cup your hands in front of your face to create an air pocket.

• Try to create a breathing space by pushing debris away if possible.

• Stay calm and conserve energy while waiting for rescue.

Deploy Avalanche Airbag (if available)

• If you have an avalanche airbag backpack, deploy it by pulling the handle.

• This increases your chances of staying on or near the surface of the avalanche.

Post-Avalanche Safety Measures

Locate and Rescue Victims

• Use avalanche transceivers to locate buried victims.

• Begin probing and digging immediately to rescue buried individuals.

• Coordinate efforts with others in your group and call for professional help if needed.

Seek Medical Attention

• Even if you escape the avalanche unharmed, seek medical attention as soon as possible.

• Some injuries, such as internal trauma or hypothermia, may not be immediately apparent.

• Monitor yourself and others for signs of hypothermia or other cold-related injuries.

Learn from the Experience

• Take the time to reflect on what led to the avalanche incident.

• Assess your decision-making process and identify areas for improvement.

• Share your experience with others to raise awareness and promote safety.

Avalanche Safety Equipment

Avalanche Transceiver

• An avalanche transceiver, also known as a beacon, is an essential piece of equipment that emits and receives signals to locate buried victims.

• Before heading into avalanche terrain, ensure that everyone in your group has a working transceiver and knows how to use it properly.

• Practice using the transceiver regularly to maintain familiarity and efficiency.

Avalanche Probe

• An avalanche probe is a collapsible pole used to pinpoint the exact location of a buried victim.

• Probe the snow systematically in a grid-like pattern until you make contact with the victim.

• Familiarize yourself with the proper probing technique to avoid injuring the victim further.

Avalanche Shovel

• A sturdy, lightweight shovel is crucial for rapidly digging out buried victims.

• Choose a shovel with an ergonomic handle and a durable blade.

• Practice efficient shoveling techniques to maximize your efforts and conserve energy.

Avalanche Airbag

• An avalanche airbag is a backpack equipped with an airbag system that can be deployed if caught in an avalanche.

• The airbag helps to increase buoyancy, keeping you closer to the surface of the moving snow.

• Consider investing in an avalanche airbag for added protection, but remember that it is not a guarantee of safety.

Avalanche Safety Measures for Skiers and Snowboarders

Terrain Choice

• Learn to assess slopes based on their angle, aspect, and snowpack stability.

• Avoid steep slopes with unstable snow conditions, especially during high-risk periods.

• Plan your route to minimize exposure to potential avalanche terrain.

Safe Travel Techniques

• Travel one at a time across hazardous slopes, minimizing the load on the snowpack.

• Maintain visual contact with each other and establish safe zones where you can regroup.

• Keep a safe distance between individuals to reduce the risk of triggering a larger avalanche.

Slope Angle Assessment

• Use an inclinometer or your ski poles to estimate the angle of a slope.

• Be cautious on slopes with angles between 30 and 45 degrees, as they are most prone to avalanches.

• Stay alert for signs of instability, such as shooting cracks or collapsing snow.

Weather and Snowpack Observations

• Regularly check local avalanche forecasts to understand the current snowpack conditions.

• Monitor weather changes that can impact avalanche risk, such as rapid temperature fluctuations or heavy snowfall.

• Pay attention to any signs of recent avalanche activity or unstable snowpack during your trip.

Avalanche Safety Training and Education

Avalanche Safety Courses

• Enroll in accredited avalanche safety courses provided by reputable organizations.

• These courses cover essential topics such as snowpack analysis, route planning, and rescue techniques.

• Gain hands-on experience in simulated avalanche scenarios to improve your decision-making skills.

Professional Guided Tours

• Consider going on guided tours led by experienced avalanche professionals.

• Guides have in-depth knowledge of local terrain and snow conditions, reducing the risks associated with independent travel.

• Take advantage of their expertise to enhance your understanding of avalanche safety.

Continuous Learning

• Stay updated on the latest research, advancements, and best practices in avalanche safety.

• Attend workshops, conferences, and seminars related to snow science and avalanche safety.

• Engage with online communities and forums to share experiences and learn from others.

Avalanche Safety Measures for Hikers and Mountaineers

Trip Planning and Research

• Before embarking on a hiking or mountaineering trip, thoroughly research the area's avalanche risk.

• Study topographic maps, avalanche reports, and weather forecasts to gain a better understanding of the terrain and conditions.

• Obtain information from local authorities or experienced guides who are familiar with the area.

Route Selection and Timing

• Choose routes that minimize exposure to avalanche-prone slopes, such as forests or lower-angle terrain.

• Avoid traveling in or below avalanche terrain during periods of high avalanche danger.

• Plan your ascent and descent timings to avoid being on steep slopes during the warmest parts of the day when snow instability is highest.

Safe Travel Techniques

• Travel in a group and stay close to each other to provide mutual support and assistance.

• Maintain visual and verbal contact to ensure everyone's safety.

• Utilize safe travel techniques, such as traveling one at a time across hazardous slopes and regrouping in safe zones.

Terrain Assessment

• Continuously assess the terrain for signs of instability, such as recent avalanches or cracking sounds.

• Be cautious around convex slopes, cornices, and areas where wind-loading has occurred.

• Use probing poles or an ice axe to check the snowpack's stability and depth.

Snowpack Evaluation

• Dig snow pits to examine and analyze the layers within the snowpack.

• Look for any weak layers, depth hoar, or faceted snow that could contribute to avalanche potential.

• Perform stability tests, such as the compression test or extended column test, to assess the snowpack's stability.

Emergency Procedures

• Carry communication devices, such as radios or satellite phones, to call for help in case of an emergency.

• Establish a plan for contacting emergency services and sharing your location with them.

• Practice efficient and effective rescue techniques, including probing and digging, to minimize response time in case of a burial.

Avalanche Safety Measures for Snowmobilers

Equipment Preparation

• Ensure that your snowmobile is in good working condition, including the brakes, engine, and lights.

• Equip your snowmobile with an avalanche transceiver, probe, and shovel, and make sure they are easily accessible.

• Carry additional safety gear, such as an avalanche airbag or a saw for cutting through debris.

Stay on Designated Trails

• Stick to established snowmobile trails whenever possible, as these routes are generally less prone to avalanches.

• Avoid venturing onto untracked or unmarked areas unless you have proper knowledge and experience in evaluating avalanche terrain.

Group Riding

• Travel in groups of two or more snowmobilers, maintaining visual contact with each other.

• Establish a predetermined communication plan, including hand signals or radio communication.

Avoid Steep Slopes and Cornices

• Stay away from steep slopes with angles exceeding 30 degrees, as they are more likely to trigger avalanches.

• Keep a safe distance from cornices, as they can collapse and trigger an avalanche.

Monitor Snow Conditions

• Regularly check avalanche forecasts and snowpack conditions before heading out for a ride.

• Look for signs of recent avalanche activity, such as fresh debris or cracking sounds, which indicate unstable snowpack.

Practice Emergency Procedures

• Conduct regular practice drills for avalanche rescue scenarios, including locating buried victims and efficient shoveling techniques.

• Familiarize yourself with the proper use of avalanche rescue equipment to ensure swift response and retrieval.

FAQs (Frequently Asked Questions)

Q: What should I do if I find myself caught in an avalanche?

A: If caught in an avalanche, try to move to the side to avoid being engulfed. Discard any heavy objects that may weigh you down and use swimming motions to stay near the surface of the moving snow.

Q: What is the most dangerous type of avalanche?

A: Slab avalanches are considered the most dangerous type of avalanche due to their cohesive nature and the potential for large amounts of snow to break loose and slide downhill as a unit.

Q: How can I recognize the signs of an avalanche?

A: Look for visual cues such as cracks or shooting cracks in the snow, collapsing or settling snow beneath your feet, recent avalanche activity or debris, and unstable snowpack with hollow or "whoomphing" sounds.

Q: What equipment should I carry for avalanche safety?

A: It is essential to carry an avalanche transceiver (beacon), probe, and shovel. These tools are crucial for locating and rescuing buried victims. Additional safety gear such as an avalanche airbag backpack can provide added protection.

Q: What factors contribute to avalanche risk?

A: Several factors contribute to avalanche risk, including weather conditions such as heavy snowfall or rapid temperature changes, terrain features like steep slopes and convex areas, and the overall stability of the snowpack.

Q: Can avalanches be predicted?

A: While it is challenging to predict avalanches with absolute certainty, ongoing monitoring of weather conditions, snowpack stability assessments, and observations of avalanche activity can help forecasters assess the potential for avalanches.

Q: What should I do before heading into avalanche terrain?

A: Before venturing into avalanche terrain, it is important to educate yourself by attending avalanche safety courses, reading books and articles on avalanche safety, and staying updated on current snowpack conditions and avalanche forecasts.

Q: Is it safe to travel alone in avalanche terrain?

A: It is strongly recommended to avoid traveling alone in avalanche terrain. Always travel with experienced companions who are knowledgeable about avalanche safety. Having a group increases safety by providing mutual assistance in case of an emergency.

Q: Are there different types of avalanches?

A: Yes, there are different types of avalanches. Some common types include loose snow avalanches, slab avalanches, wet avalanches, and glide avalanches. Each type has its own unique characteristics and triggers.

Q: Can avalanches be triggered by human activity?

A: Yes, avalanches can be triggered by human activity. This includes activities such as skiing, snowboarding, hiking, mountaineering, or even loud noises like snowmobiles. It is important to understand the potential triggers and take necessary precautions.

Q: How can I assess the stability of the snowpack?

A: Assessing the stability of the snowpack involves conducting snowpack tests, digging snow pits to examine the layers, and observing any signs of instability such as cracking or collapsing sounds. Consulting avalanche professionals or attending courses can provide further guidance.

Q: What should I do if someone in my group gets buried in an avalanche?

A: If someone in your group gets buried in an avalanche, use avalanche transceivers to locate the buried victim. Begin probing and digging immediately to rescue them. Coordinate efforts with others in your group and call for professional help if needed.

Q: Should I carry communication devices when venturing into avalanche terrain?

A: Yes, it is essential to carry communication devices such as radios or satellite phones when venturing into avalanche terrain. In case of an emergency, these devices can be used to call for help and provide crucial information to rescue teams.

Q: What should I do if I witness an avalanche?

A: If you witness an avalanche, assess the situation from a safe distance. Once the avalanche stops, check for any signs of victims. If necessary, call emergency services and provide them with accurate information about the location and size of the avalanche.

Q: Is it necessary to take an avalanche safety course?

A: Taking an avalanche safety course is highly recommended for anyone venturing into avalanche terrain. These courses provide valuable knowledge and skills, including snowpack assessment, route planning, and rescue techniques.

Q: Can weather conditions affect avalanche risk?

A: Yes, weather conditions such as heavy snowfall, rapid temperature changes, and strong winds can significantly impact avalanche risk. It is important to stay informed about current and forecasted weather conditions before heading out.

Q: Is it safe to ski or snowboard in the backcountry without avalanche safety equipment?

A: No, it is not safe to venture into the backcountry without avalanche safety equipment. Avalanche transceivers, probes, and shovels are essential for self-rescue and rescuing others in case of an avalanche. Always carry and know how to use this equipment properly.

Q: Can small avalanches be just as dangerous as large avalanches?

A: Yes, even small avalanches can be dangerous and potentially injure or bury a person. It is important to recognize that size does not dictate the level of risk associated with an avalanche. Treat all avalanches seriously and take appropriate precautions.

Q: Should I rely solely on technology like avalanche apps for avalanche safety?

A: While avalanche apps and technology can provide valuable information, they should not be your sole source of avalanche safety. These tools can supplement your knowledge but should not replace proper training, experience, and in-field assessments.

Q: How can I minimize the risk of triggering an avalanche while skiing or snowboarding?

A: You can minimize the risk of triggering an avalanche by avoiding steep slopes, especially during periods of high avalanche danger. Stick to lower-angle terrain, and be cautious around convex slopes, cornices, and wind-loaded areas.

Q: Are there any warning signs before an avalanche occurs?

A: Yes, there are often warning signs before an avalanche occurs. These can include recent avalanche activity, shooting cracks, collapsing or settling snow, and audible "whoomphing" sounds. Stay vigilant and pay attention to these signs.

Q: What should I do if I suspect a slope is unstable but I'm unsure if it will avalanche?

A: If you suspect a slope is unstable, it's best to avoid it altogether. Err on the side of caution and choose alternative routes or lower-angle terrain. Trust your instincts and prioritize safety above all else.

Q: Can skiing or snowboarding in groups increase the risk of triggering an avalanche?

A: Skiing or snowboarding in groups can increase the overall weight on the snowpack, potentially triggering an avalanche. However, traveling in a group also provides mutual support and faster response times during rescue situations. Use safe travel techniques and maintain appropriate spacing between group members.

Q: Is it possible to survive being buried in an avalanche?

A: While survival rates vary, it is possible to survive being buried in an avalanche if you are quickly located and rescued. Carrying avalanche safety equipment, practicing companion rescue techniques, and maintaining awareness are crucial factors for improving survival chances.

Q: How long do I have to rescue someone buried in an avalanche?

A: Time is of the essence when rescuing someone buried in an avalanche. The chances of survival decrease significantly after 15 minutes. Efficient probing, locating, and digging should be done as quickly as possible to maximize the chances of a successful rescue.

Q: What should I do if I see signs of an impending avalanche while skiing or snowboarding?

A: If you see signs of an impending avalanche, immediately alert your group and move to safer terrain. Seek out lower-angle slopes or areas with more stable snowpack. Avoid unnecessary exposure and prioritize your safety.

Q: Can vegetation help stabilize slopes and prevent avalanches?

A: Vegetation can play a role in stabilizing slopes and reducing avalanche risk. Trees and other forms of vegetation can anchor the snowpack, making it less prone to sliding. However, the presence of vegetation does not guarantee slope stability, and caution should still be exercised.

Q: Should I rely on other people's tracks to determine if a slope is safe?

A: Relying solely on other people's tracks is not a reliable indicator of slope safety. The stability of the snowpack can change rapidly, and conditions may be different from one day to another or even within a single day. Conduct your own assessments and make informed decisions based on current conditions.

Q: Are there any precautions I should take when crossing a slope with others below?

A: When crossing a slope with others below, communicate your intentions clearly and ensure everyone is aware of the potential hazard. Cross one at a time and maintain good spacing between individuals to minimize the risk of triggering an avalanche and increase the chances of rescue if one occurs.

Q: Can dogs be trained to assist in avalanche rescue efforts?

A: Yes, dogs can be trained to assist in avalanche rescue efforts. Avalanche search and rescue dogs are trained to locate buried victims by detecting human scent under the snow. They play a crucial role in speeding up the search and rescue process.

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Conclusion

Avalanche safety should be a top priority for anyone venturing into winter backcountry terrain.

By recognizing the signs of an avalanche, understanding different types of avalanches, carrying essential safety equipment, and implementing proper safety measures, you can significantly reduce the risks associated with avalanches.

Remember that knowledge, preparedness, and continuous learning are essential for staying safe in avalanche-prone areas.

Stay informed, practice regularly, and prioritize the well-being of yourself and your companions.

With the right precautions and actions, you can enjoy the beauty of the mountains while minimizing the dangers posed by avalanches.